Maya And Aztec Essays - Architectural Styles, Maya Classic Period

Maya And Aztec Pillaging and savagery were the overlying consequences of the Spanish victory of MesoAmerica starting in 1519. The resulting years brought some new guests, generally laymen or authorities looking for riches, however the Christianity toting minister was ever present. Sporadically a man from any of these classes, however predominantly ministers would be so in stunningness of the human progress they were without any assistance slaughtering that they started to watch and report things for example, regular day to day existence, strict customs, financial goings on, and engineering, which was the greatest accomplishment according to the Spaniards. That is the means by which the records of Friar Diego de Landa, a cleric, were made, giving us uncommon first per-child chronicled records of the success and the individuals it affected. To archeologists stupendous design is a higher priority than an engraved stelae posting names and dates. There is quite a lot more to gain from a structure than a section of stone typically fuming with promulgation. In many social orders they are what stays after triumph, for the most part for their magnificence or capacity to withstand the components. Landa was astounded by what he found. There are in Yucatan numerous buildings of extraordinary magnificence, this be-ing the most exceptional of all things found in the Indies; they are all form of stone finely ornamented... (Landa, 8). On the off chance that it were an average people local dwelling we would learn through the investigation of outstanding ancient rarities and middens what objects were utilized regularly and furthermore the way of life, pushing us to develop an exact perspective on the since a long time ago disregarded ordinary person. As indicated by Landa steepled rooftops secured with cover or palm leaves shielded the natural surroundings from downpour. Homes were regularly isolated into two areas, a living segment, usually whitewashed, and a local territory where food was readied and occupants dozed (Landa, 32). In Aztec social orders ordinary people frequently lived in calpolli, a local location isolated by occupation, normally encompassed by dividers for security (Smith, 145). In the event that it were a household staying for an honorable it would be bigger than a com-moner's staying, and normally comprised of more than one huge structures once in a while situated on a stage close to the focal point of the town. The high status is evident by the in-clusion of progressively detailed and decorative items and regularly frescos embellished the dividers. Great Architecture of open and private structures are probably the best indus cators of the size and significance of a site. The size of the structure has direct corrolation to the force held by the pioneer, in his capacity to direct workers to develop the manufacture ing. Sanctuaries and squares were the principle objects of great development and frequently rival the pyramids of Egypt in quality and size. Sanctuaries were frequently pyramid like struc-tures that were manufactured, confronting east, over the incinerated stays of a minister or ruler. With each acquiescing ruler the sanctuary was made bigger by working over the past, consequently the layering impact so frequently revealed. Various styles of beautification and development were utilized by each culture during various periods. In complexity to prior Mesoamerican pyramids with a solitary sanctuary based on top and a solitary flight of stairs up the side, the pyramids worked by the Early Aztec people groups had twin sanctuaries and twofold flights of stairs (Smith, 43). There are a few edifices of Esperanza engineering at Kaminaljuyu...these are ventured sanctuary stages with the ordinary Teotihuacan talud-tablero motif... (Coe, 84). At that point in under 300 years there was a totally extraordinary style of architec-ture in the region, Normal for Puuk structures are facings of thin squares of limestone facade over the concrete and-rubble center; boot-molded vault stones...and the overflowing utilization of stone mosaics on upper exteriors, underlining the typical beast veils with long, snare molded noses, as well as frets and grid like plans of befuddled components (Coe, 157). Mesoamerican design has withstood the trial of time, a considerable lot of the structures not wrecked during the success despite everything stand today, while various Spanish structures don't. In pre-present day history, all through the world internments have been usually simi-lar, irregardless the separation. Regardless of whether this is incident or not will be resolved sooner or later, however until further notice I am of the conclusion that since numerous societies wor-dispatched comparative divine beings a significant number of their traditions will be equivalent. For instance numerous cul-tures, including the Aztecs and the Maya covered bodies in the fetal position confronting east. All the more regularly than not different nourishments and merchandise were set in the grave to go with the perished in the following life. Internments as a rule followed some custom and happened close to the home, which would be relinquished before long (Landa, 57). On the off chance that they were

Team Policy Analysis Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Group Policy Analysis Paper - Essay Example By submitting to the law, it invalidates the odds of the guilty parties to be served equity by the general public, which as a rule prompts passing or self destruction, and equity is served (Emanuel, 2007). Prevention just suggests to forcing substantial punishments on the guilty party to demoralize different individuals from the general public to partake in crimes (Scaros, 2004). At the point when the individuals in the general public see the measures taken to control the social shameful acts, they will stop to act unlawfully. As per Emanuel (2007), recovery is planned for changing a criminal into an ethically upstanding resident, in the general public, by guaranteeing their set of accepted rules is immaculate. This will empower the wrongdoer to have the option to live ordinarily with others. Debilitation alludes to isolate of the wrongdoer (Scaros, 2004). This is typically accomplished through sentences passed by the courtroom of detainment. The guilty party is to remain away in isolation and think about his activities. At last, rebuilding alludes to the equity of the person in question. It targets making the casualties proceed with life as it was before a wrongdoing was submitted aga inst them. At the point when the equity framework bombs in its criminal counteraction exercises, seriously checked parole, probations and electronic observing, every one of these things, individuals, henceforth lose confidence in them. Scaros (2004) says that the sequence of humankind is driven by a widespread power of crowd brain research. This implies individuals will carry on basically in light of the fact that they know the legal framework is unequipped for holding fast to its obligations. The law is executed by the legal framework, and it attempts to forestall wrongdoing, ensure the general population, bolster casualties of wrongdoing and help the guilty parties to refocus (Emanuel, 2007). Criminal law involves all these. Laws were made to improve us residents and for there to be organization among us. At the point when all the above have been maintained a strategic distance from, and similar endeavors to check crimes

For Career Advancement, Find Out Why Many MBAs Swear by their Degrees

For Career Advancement, Find Out Why Many MBAs Swear by their Degrees Whether you are at the beginning of your studies or you are just reaching the finish line, the question â€" “what now?” must have come to your mind at least once.Or it might be that you have already finished your bachelor studies and are currently working or looking for a job opportunity.In whichever profile you fit in, one thing is sure â€" while considering your next step, the idea of doing an MBA must have crossed your mind.Now you might be thinking â€" is it worth studying for two extra years, is it better to do masters or MBA, how do I know if Im a fit for doing an MBA,… and so on.Questions are countless and, needless to say, important as they are the matter of your future, and we understand the level of pressure you are feeling currently, as well as the need to make the right decision.Worry no more â€" we’ll cover all the pros and cons of doing an MBA and answer all of the questions (even those you didn’t know you’ve had) so you can be sure in your choice and excel in it!WHAT IS MBA?Hey mum, what is MBA? Believe it or not, there is a high possibility that the kid in primary school will one day ask their parents about MBA.It has become a widely-known thing and people from all around the globe show respect to those who finish the MBA.Even though a lot of people still dont understand what an MBA is and why it is important, somehow they know that it is respect -worthy.Not to live in the blur anymore, well demystify MBA once and for all, and help you understand completely its benefits.The acronym MBA stands for the Master of Business Administration. The master of business administration (widely known as MBA) is an internationally-acknowledged degree aiming to educate and equip students with all necessary knowledge and skills in the field of business and management.Above is the easiest and shortest definition you will find. If you are not looking for a career in business or management, the definition shouldn’t discourage you from reading the text further.On the contrary, if you are seeking for professional development in fields of the public sector, private industry, government and many more â€" MBA might be the key for your success.As mentioned previously, the MBA helps you develop managerial skills, but those skills can be applied in different areas, which gives MBA such value.The majority of MBA programs (and there are a lot of them! But more about that later) are designed in a way that students choose their majors, similar to bachelor studies.There are some essential subjects you have to take in order to get an MBA â€" economics, marketing, operations, and accounting. In the end, it is called the Master in Business administrations, and all these subjects are necessary for you to become an expert in this field.However, you still have huge flexibility and you can choose from a variety of subjects, based on your interests, needs, wishes or thing you find most profitable.Again, it is your choice!Many students adore the progr am exactly because of this freedom to choose additional subjects.Another interesting thing that is necessary for almost every MBA program is that there is an obligatory internship that each student has to complete in a specific company, startup or organization.Not only that you get practical experience while still studying, but you also get a high chance of finding a job easy after finishing an MBA if you prove yourself during your internship.If you are still in your bachelors, make sure you understand this now â€" most of the business academies will require you to have at least a couple of years of experience in your professional field before the start of your MBA program.Is it really necessary? In most of the cases, yes â€"you need to have relevant professional experience.Does my experience in serving coffee at Starbucks count?Sorry buddy, only if during the time you served coffee in Starbucks the sales in that shop grew disruptively and it is tightly connected to you working ther e, this experience will count.If not, you will have to start looking for an opportunity that will be more related to your field of studies.As for the other documents, in order to get into MBA program, youll have to prepare a Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT if you prefer) or Graduate Record Examinations (GRE shortly) scores, letters of reference, academic transcripts and a motivational letter (in a form of an essay or statement of purpose) explaining why you want to do an MBA and what drives your motivation.Bear in mind that if you are not a native English speaker, passing language exams that prove your English skills such as TOEFL or IELTS will be necessary for you to gain an ability to start MBA.All courses are delivered in English and therefore this skill is essential.If you’ve finished your bachelor studies in English, it might be useful to highlight that on your application â€" it might happen that they’ll free you from taking English exams.The first line with the k id asking his mum about the MBA was not a joke. This program has been the number one choice for all young people worldwide for many years now.It is no surprise that even at a young age children hear about MBA and learn that is the most popular professional degree in the world. Translated to their language â€" the school you go to if you want to be successful!And kids have the right. The MBA program started its raising career in the last century and its origins are in the United States.Even though it hasn’t been long since the start, now there are more than 2500 MBA programs at universities at each corner of the world.Most of them are delivered in English which broadens the opportunity to many ambitious people.As the time, economics and industry have changed, so did the MBA program. Nowadays, besides the old-fashioned two-year MBA program, you can choose a one-year program or even a part-time and online MBA.You dont have to miss out on getting an MBA just because you are full time employed or have some other obligations that require your full attention, you can simply choose between these adjusted programs.There is even a special program called Executive Master of Business Administration (EMBA) specially designed as a part-time program for professionals who have broad experience behind them â€" meaning a couple of years working in business or management.In whichever category you feel you belong, one is sure â€" there is an MBA program for you and you can gain so much from it.WHY DOING MBA IS SO IMPORTANT?If you are thinking about going abroad and starting the international career, youll be thankful to yourself for finishing an MBA.If not, youll still have plenty of reasons to be thankful. Lets check the most popular ones.1. The TitleIt might sound ridiculous and funny, but allow yourself to think about it for a second. Although this might not be the main reason you choose to do an MBA, it might be the most beneficial one.Take a look into any business surround ings and you’ll see how people treat differently those who have letters MBA right behind their names.So if you are looking for a better position, up scaling your business or gaining the respect of your colleagues you are on the right track.MBA is a proven program that shapes a countless number of experts each year and at each corner of the world, making them the most desirable employees and colleagues.Just by letting people know you have finished MBA, you will leave the good first impression. And that is an excellent starting point both professionally and personally.Having only the title itself won’t help you much, but will definitely open a lot of doors for you.Then it will be time for you to prove yourself and apply everything you’ve learned through your MBA. Use this advantage wisely and get the best out of it. After all, you’ve studied really hard to get it!2. Business KnowledgeIf you remember correctly from the beginning of this article, we explained that an MBA is not only for people persuading a career in management in business but also in any other expertise. Additional subjects let you choose your interests and gain skills in the desired areas.However, no matter what your profession or interests are, if you finish an MBA you will definitely gain knowledge in business, which many people lack.Lets say that you are kicking it in the IT area and that you are seeking for career advancement.If there is a colleague with the same IT expertise as you and the only difference is that you also have business knowledge and skills, who would get a promotion, what do you think?Most probably you. By completing MBA, you are equipping yourself for a broad number of positions and increase your chances of getting a promotion, as in higher places it is necessary to possess management, accounting, economics, marketing, and similar skills, which you would gain through the program.If on the other hand, you are a freelancer or an entrepreneur that has other companies, startups or organizations as clients, with MBA you will understand your clients better and therefore provide them with a better service.If you are thinking about starting your own enterprise,3. Increasing Your Chances for a Better JobYou have to admit that the competition is strong and that each year we have more and more educated people and with globalization, the competition became even bigger.Thats what puts companies in a position to demand longer working experience or advanced management training when opening positions.And who could fill out all these requirements? Thats right, an MBA graduate. MBA programs put you through different courses such as management, business, accounting, finances, and etc. all with the aim of you getting all the required skills and knowledge, alongside with experience.Dont forget that many MBA programs include an obligatory internship in a company, startup or an organization which then combines advanced business training with relevant professional ex perience. Bingo!The history of hiring MBA graduates that turn out to be excellent employees, managers and colleagues are what gives you and any other future MBA-er a chance to get amazing job opportunity even at the beginning of your career.The fact that you’ll be attending classes for additional two years (or at least one) might sound boring, but when you take into consideration what kind of classes there are, which fields you get to study and how much relevant practical experience you get â€" it seems to be worthy.We’ll mention it once again as it is a common thing. If you prove yourself as a hard-working, educated and ready to learn more interns, you have a high chance of getting a job in that company once your internship ends.And again, amazing job opportunity (you didn’t even have to look for) thanks to the MBA program. 4. Higher IncomeWow, we probably don’t even have to explain this and tell you why it’s better to earn more.Everybody in the world knows it, wants it a nd in most cases fails to have it.So how exactly can enrolling into MBA program help you have a higher income?Getting an education is like investing in yourself. Literally and also in any other context.By getting a higher education, attending courses, seminars and training, interning in a company and working on your personal and professional development, you increase your value.Companies know how to recognize this value and reward it equally.Thats why they choose to invest in their top employees and pay those with finished an MBA more than average employees. It is as simple as that.From one perspective it might sound unfair to others â€" we are doing almost the same job and one of us is getting paid way more than the other just because he or she went to another school.True, but if you look at the facts and all the knowledge, skills and expertise a person got from finishing MBA and how much a company can prosper from it â€" it is only fair for that person to be paid more.If you look at the statistics, you’ll find it all there. Even the starting salaries at almost every job are higher if you have an MBA.If it happens that a company doesnt value an MBA, well, maybe its time you consider choosing another company for your future career. Just a bit of friendly advice.5. Getting an Important RoleThis one goes kind of without saying but still we will mention it as nothing is to be blindly considered.For all of you who feel in your bones that you are ambitious and want to have an important role, MBA will help you climb that ladder.Not only that it will help you get the desired job, but will also help you prosper and move up in the hierarchy.By finishing the MBA and proving yourself at your workplace, you increase your chances of getting a more important role, all thanks to your previous experience and all managerial and business skills you have previously gained.If you know that you wouldnt be satisfied with the same job until the end of your career, researches show that with an MBA comes a higher job satisfaction. Sit down, think about your goals and priorities and if this is one of them â€" think about getting an MBA degree.6. Acknowledged ExpertiseNothing says more Im an expert than taking additional time, money and effort and putting it into getting that expertise through programs such as MBA.MBA shows how passionate and devoted you are to your career meaning that you most probably have high expertise in your field.By no circumstances can you compare a person with a bachelor degree with a person who has finished an MBA.By investing in yourself and putting additional resources in order to develop, you show how serious, professional and dedicated you are, which is something that each company appreciates in its employees.7. Personal DevelopmentWe’ve talked pretty much about professional development â€" the knowledge you gain, the skills you develop, the experience you get to live. But what about personal development?Benefits of enrolling int o the MBA program are more than clear now, but just before sending your application bear this in your mind â€" it is by no means easy to finish an MBA.Finishing the MBA program successfully requires people to give up on their free time, savings and often sleep (as sleeping time can turn into the study or working hours). And what does this mean to your personal development?It means that you will develop, a lot. By facing constant challenges, you will become more organized, focused and start learning quickly and easily.Not to mention all the simulations and exercises you get through the actual MBA program that helps you develop your soft skills even further.So after you finish your MBA you will proudly write those letters behind your name and walk into the office with your head high, giving yourself the best present ever â€" confidence in a working place.8. NetworkingNetworking has a high tendency to become the most wanted skill in the 21st century. Nothing becomes as valuable as cont acts you gain and the network you develop.So can you imagine a better network than that consisting of MBA graduates?By enrolling into MBA you surround yourself with people who are as passionate and as devoted as you are and that will most probably have amazing careers in their field of expertise.Those kinds of people you want to have on your side, in case you want to start your own business, look for recommendation, start a cooperation, etc. for anything you need in your business, people and contacts you collect are the most precious and can help you succeed, or hold you down â€" if you lack them.These are only some of the benefits you gain from finishing an MBA.What is most beneficial to you depends only on your preferences and career plans and goals.Focus on them and realize what is the most important thing you want to get out of MBA experience.FAQsYou probably still have some questions, so we’re going to go ahead and answer some frequently asked questions.1. How much does MBA c ost?According to the Poets Quants website, an MBA from a top school can cost upwards of $200,000 â€" over $400,000 if one cares to include lost job income.That is a lot, we completely agree. There is no misunderstanding â€" MBA costs a lot, it is a fact.Don’t feel discouraged, as you might find a cheaper option. Just remember â€" it is about your education and in the end, future.Don’t save money on that, invest in yourself. If you do well, it will pay off more than you can imagine.Also, you can check and look for some scholarships or funding. There are a lot of companies, organizations and even government that want to invest in your education.2. Should I do an MBA if I have more than 10 years of experience?Most probably not. There is no correct answer, but our advice is to focus on some other things rather than doing an MBA.If you are so far in your career you have probably gained all the knowledge and experience you would through an MBA so it wont bring any value to you.3. Whe re can I do my MBA?As mentioned previously there are more than 2500 universities offering MBA programs. That gives you a broad specter of options.You can do it locally in your home town, or you can choose a country in which you would like to work and apply for MBA there. It will probably be a good starting point for you.4. What are my chances of getting into an MBA?We have covered some basics regarding requirements for applying to the MBA program, but well highlight them again.The most important and mandatory ones are work experience (at least two or three years), GMAT or GRE score and bachelor degree with a good GPA. If you have any extracurricular or volunteering experiences, it might be helpful to you.Also, if you are not a native English speaker, you’ll have to dome tests to prove your language skills. Your level of English should enable you to listen and learn in this language as it’s your mother tongue.5. What is the difference between Master program and MBA?A Master progr am is a chance for each undergraduate to upscale their knowledge in their field and learns something additional in their expertise.MBA is a type of master program, but focuses mostly on business and management and equipping you with all skills and knowledge that will help you become a successful businessman in your area of expertise. FINAL WORDWhether you are at the beginning or end of your undergraduate studies, already working or looking for a job, it is a high time you start considering an MBA.If you are looking for a dynamic career and opportunities for prospering, an MBA might be your helping tool.Whatever you decide and whichever path you choose, we wish you good luck and know that as long as you keep on working on yourself, you are going to get to where you want to be!

Life Of Prophet Muhammad - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1336 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/09/24 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Life Essay Did you like this example? I. A Prophet and His World A. Muhammad and His Message 1. The Arabian peninsula a. Nomadic Bedouin lived in the desert-covered peninsula for millennia 1. Kept herds of sheep, goats, and camels 2. Organized in family and clan groups 3. Importance of kinship and loyalty to the clan b. Post-classical Arabia, active in long-distance trade c. An important link between India/China and Persia/Byzantium 2. Muhammads early life a. Muhammad ibn Abdullah born in a Mecca merchant family, 570 C. E. b. Difficult early life, married a wealthy widow, Khadija, in 595 c. Became a merchant at age 30, exposed to various faiths . Muhammads spiritual transformation a. At age 40, he experienced visions 1. There was only one true god, Allah (the god) 2. Allah would soon bring judgment on the world 3. The archangel Gabriel delivered these revelations to Muhammad b. Did not intend to found a new religion, but his message became appealing 4. The Quran a. Followers compiled Muhammads revelations b. Qura n (recitation), became the holy book of Islam c. A work of magnificent poetry B. Muhammads Migration to Medina 1. Conflict at Mecca a. His teachings offended other believers, especially the ruling elite of Mecca b. Attacks on greed offended wealthy merchants c. Attacks on idolatry threatened shrines, especially the black rock at Kaba 2. The hijra a. Under persecution, Muhammad and followers fled to Medina, 622 C. E. b. The move, known as hijra, was the starting point of the Islamic calendar 3. The umma a. Organized a cohesive community called umma in Medina b. Led commercial adventure, sometimes launched raids against Mecca caravans c. Helped the poor and needy 4. The seal of the prophets a. Referred himself as the seal of the prophets, the final prophet of Allah b. Held Hebrew scriptures and New Testament in high esteem . Determined to spread Allahs wish to all humankind C. The Establishment of Islam in Arabia 1. Muhammads return to Mecca a. He and his followers conquered Mecca , 630 b. Imposed a government dedicated to Allah c. Destroyed pagan shrines and built mosques 2. The Kaba a. The Kaba shrine was not destroyed b. In 632, Muhammad led the first Islamic pilgrimage to the Kaba 3. The Five Pillars of Islam a. Obligations taught by Muhammad, known as the Five Pillars b. The Five Pillars bound the umma into a cohesive community of faith 4. Islamic law: the sharia a. Emerged during the centuries after Muhammad b. Detailed guidance on proper behavior in almost every aspect of life c. Drew inspiration especially from the Quran d. Through the sharia, Islam became more than a religion, but also a way of life II. The Expansion of Islam A. The Early Caliphs and the Umayyad Dynasty 1. The caliph a. Upon Muhammads death, Abu Bakr served as caliph (deputy) b. Became head of the state, chief judge, religious leader, military commander 2. The expansion of Islam a. Between 633-637, seized Byzantine Syria, Palestine, and most of Mesopotamia b. By 640s, conquered Eg ypt and north Africa c. In 651, toppled Sasanid dynasty d. In 711, conquered the Hindu kingdom of Sind e. Between 711-718, conquered northwest Africa, most of Iberian peninsula 3. The Shia and Sunnis a. The Shia sect, originally supported Ali, served as a refuge b. The Sunnis (traditionalists), accepted legitimacy of early caliphs c. Two sects struggled over succession 4. The Umayyad dynasty (661-750 C. E. ) a. The dynasty temporarily solved problem of succession b. Established capital city at Damascus in Syria c. Ruled the dar al-Islam for the interests of Arabian military aristocracy 5. Policy toward conquered peoples a. Levied jizya (head tax) on those who did not convert to Islam b. Even the converts did not enjoy wealth and position of authority 6. Umayyad decline a. Caliphs became alienated even from other Arabs from the early 8th century b. By the mid-century, faced strong resistance of the Shia faction c. The discontent of conquered peoples also increased B. The Abbasi d Dynasty 1. Abu al-Abbas a. A descendant of Muhammads uncle b. Allied with Shias and non-Arab Muslims c. Seized control of Persia and Mesopotamia during 740s d. Shattered Umayyad forces at a battle in 750 e. Soon after, trapped and annihilated the Umayyad clan 2. The Abbasid dynasty (750-1258 C. E. ) a. Showed no special favor to Arab military aristocracy b. No longer a conquering empire c. Empire still growing, but not initiated by the central government 3. Abbasid administration a. Relied heavily on Persian techniques of statecraft b. Central authority ruled from the court at Baghdad c. Appointed governors to rule provinces d. Ulama and qadis ruled local communities 4. Harun al-Rashid (786-809 C. E. ) a. Represented the high point of the dynasty b. Baghdad became metropolis, center for commerce, industry, and culture 5. Abbasid decline a. Struggle for succession between Haruns sons led to civil war b. Governors built their own power bases c. Popular uprisings and peasant re bellions weakened the dynasty d. A Persian noble seized control of Baghdad in 945 e. Later, the Saljuq Turks controlled the imperial family III. Economy and Society of the Early Islamic World A. New Crops, Agricultural Experimentation, and Urban Growth 1. The spread of food and industrial crops a. Indian plants traveled to other lands of the empire b. Staple crops: sugarcane, rice, new varieties of sorghum and wheat c. Vegetables: spinach, artichokes, eggplants d. Fruits: oranges, lemons, limes, bananas, coconuts, watermelons, mangoes e. Industrial crops: cotton, indigo, henna 2. Effects of new crops a. Increased varieties and quantities of food b. Industrial crops became the basis for a thriving textile industry 3. Agricultural experimentation a. Numerous agricultural manuals b. Agricultural methods and techniques improved 4. Urban Growth a. Increasing agricultural production contributed to the rapid growth of cities b. A new industry: paper manufacture B. The Formation of a Hem ispheric Trading Zone 1. Camels and caravans a. Overland trade traveled mostly by camel caravan b. Caravanserais in Islamic cities 2. Maritime trade . Arab and Persian mariners borrowed the compass from the Chinese b. Borrowed the lateen sail from southeast Asian and Indian mariners c. Borrowed astrolabe from the Hellenistic mariners d. The story of Ramisht, a wealthy Persian merchant of the 12th century 3. Banks a. Operated on large scale and provided extensive services b. Letters of credit, or sakk, functioned as bank checks 4. The organization of trade a. Entrepreneurs often pooled their resources in group investments b. Different kinds of joint endeavors c. Traders even went to West Africa, Russia, Scandinavia 5. Al-Andalus a. Referring to Islamic Spain, conquered by Muslim Berbers b. Claimed independence from the Abbasid dynasty c. Participated actively in the commercial life of the larger Islamic world d. The example of the merchant-scholar al-Marwani e. Products of al-Anda lus enjoyed a reputation for excellence f. The prosperity of the capital city, Cordoba C. The Changing Status of Women 1. The Quran and women a. The Quran enhanced security of women b. The Quran and sharia also reinforced male domination 2. Veiling of women a. Adopted veiling of women from Mesopotamia and Persia b. Womens rights provided by the Quran were often reduced IV. Islamic Values and Cultural Exchanges A. The Formation of an Islamic Cultural Tradition 1. The Quran and sharia were main sources to formulate moral guidelines 2. Promotion of Islamic values a. Ulama, qadis, and missionaries were main agents b. Education also promoted Islamic values 3. Sufis a. Islamic mystics, also most effective missionaries b. Encouraged devotion to Allah by passionate singing or dancing c. Al-Ghazali: Human reason was too frail and confusing d. Sufis led ascetic and holy lives, won respect of the people e. Encouraged followers to revere Allah in their own ways f. Tolerated those who asso ciated Allah with other beliefs 4. The hajj a. The Kaba became the symbol of Islamic cultural unity b. Pilgrims helped to spread Islamic beliefs and values B. Islam and the Cultural Traditions of Persia, India, and Greece 1. Persian influence on Islam a. Most notable in literary works b. The verses of Omar Khayyam and The Arabian Nights were widely known 2. Indian Influences adopted Hindi numerals, which Europeans later called Arabic numerals 3. Greek Influences a. Muslims philosophers especially liked Plato and Aristotle b. Effort of harmonizing the two traditions met resistance from Sufis Don’t waste time! 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The Virtue Of An Immoral Love - 1776 Words

The Virtue of an Immoral Love In response to criticism claiming that poesy or fiction was inherently non-virtuous and frivolous, Sir Philip Sidney wrote a daring piece called the Defense of Poesy. Within his rebuttal, Sidney addresses critics concerns with several types of poesy and illuminates that poesy is actually the height of virtue within society. In particular within his description of Lyric poetry, Sidney revels in the Lyric’s ability to recognize, praise, and exemplify â€Å"the reward of virtue† and â€Å"virtuous acts† (Defense of Poesy 673). When looking at Sidney’s own works of Lyric in Astrophil and Stella, Astrophil’s actions of pursuing a bodily love for an unavailable woman seem to disobey many virtue’s that should be present within the poems. However, upon further inspection, Sidney utilizes Astrophil’s misbehavior, and the misfortunes that follow, as an exemplifying juxtaposition to model virtue and to help redefine virtuous text overall. In light of Sidney’s discussion of lyric poetry being the epitome of showing virtue in action, the actions of Sidney’s own character, Astrophil, create an alarming dissonance. The first act defying virtue is within the premise of the story itself. Astrophil is relentlessly perusing an unavailable woman. There are several points within the series of sonnets where Stella s unobtainable nature is made clear. Most notably of these is in the fourth song when finally Stella speaks. Within this song, Astrophil continues to pine afterShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Charlotte Temple By Susanna Rowson1456 Words   |  6 PagesHenton English 80, 1D November 22, 2014 Virtues and Their Connection to an Audience A good American encompasses the qualities and values that are respected among the national public. In Charlotte Temple by Susanna Rowson, an innocent and pure young girl named Charlotte is corrupted and altered by her French teacher, British companion and his foreign friend. Although Rowson is a British-born author, the work connected with the American audience because the virtues demonstrated by some characters areRead MoreHumes Ethics1047 Words   |  5 Pagesexhibits the same alleged relations as a human child killing his parent; if morality is a question of relations, than the young tree is immoral, which is absurd† (Frankl 1985:233). Furthermore, Hume also argues that moral assessments are not judgments about empirical facts. The philosopher states that it is impossible to find a fact that can be called immoral for any immoral action that is examined. In other words Hume stands on the ground that it is impossible to deduce statements of obligation from statementsRead MoreEthics And Its Impact On Our Lives1455 Words   |  6 Pagesis wrong, as humans, we have to use our conscience to tell us what to do. Our conscience is our inner feeling or voice, almost like a moral compass that we use to guide us. Throughout our lives, ethics is used to form our conscience with vices and virtues and by directing our objects and intentions to become a fuller person. When we are making decisions there are three parts to it. There is the object: the specific thing that is being chosen our said, the intention: the intended outcome or goal,Read MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Interstellar 1004 Words   |  5 Pagessee Cooper as more of a Virtue Theorist. Virtue theory states that, â€Å"An act is morally right just because it is one that a virtuous person, acting in character, would do in that situation† (page 253). In other words, a virtue theorist observes a role model who sets an appropriate example for others. Such a role model is called a moral exemplar. However, this general rule of â€Å"do what a moral exemplar would do† is not specific enough in certain situations. Therefore, virtue theory also provides aRead MoreEssay on Morality and Egos in Radcliffes The Italian1078 Words   |  5 PagesMorality and Egos in The Italian      Ã‚   The gothic tradition loves to play with the morality of a character and this explains ones egotistical tendencies.   In Radcliffes Italian, no matter which side of the morality tree a character stands on, Satan has slipped a little pride in everyones apple.   The role of doubles begins before Poe popularizes it.   Radcliffe works hard to create evil twins and/or corresponding halves to some of the characters in order to demonstrate the power of pride.   TheRead MoreAn Act Of Law Is Just Or Unjust1312 Words   |  6 Pagesmakes the decision of government difficult. This is because one must make a decision that either everyone will love, or some people. There are three schools of thought that are used in order to determine certain legislations. The legislation has to be just, or has to reach a form of justice. These three schools of thought which address justice are deontology, utilitarianism, and virtue-based ethics. A common question has been asked, â€Å"What is justice?† According to Chapter V of John Stuart Mill’sRead MoreThe Source of a Princes Happiness and Misery in Augustine’s City of God and Aquinas’s On Kingship and Machiavelis The Prince1459 Words   |  6 Pageshappiness because they neglect the needs of their soul. True happiness can be found in God’s grace. He would never place material things as a goal of His true followers. Augustine states that in order for a prince to find this happiness, he needs to: fear, love and worship God and extend His kingdom; rule justly; have humility towards his accomplishment; pardon as many crimes as possible and to punish enemies when necessary to uphold the government and defend the republic, not for a prince’s selfish desiresRead MoreImmanuel Kant And John Stuart Mill998 Words   |  4 Pagesindigenous tribes in order to further growth. The consequences created a powerful first world nation that posit ively contributes to the world economy. According to Mill’s theory, they performed a moral act. Nevertheless, this act is considered immoral today. Kant’s belief that all acts must apply to all men would determine that it’s never okay to attack another as the United States did in its past. Regardless of the believed consequence, killing could not logically apply to all men without causingRead MoreNiccolo Machiavelli Essay1536 Words   |  7 Pagesactions should be judged by their consequences. Machiavelli because of the way he thought believed you could calculate a consequence. Thinking this way is a great way to justify actions some would consider to be immoral. The question though was Machiavelli really justifying immoral actions or was he simply being rational? The answer is not obvious though and matters who you are speaking to. Machiavelli can be considered evil seeing that he does in a manner justify it. Does MachiavelliRead MoreMorality and Economics are Closely Related Essay example589 Words   |  3 Pagesmalpractice. This law is also referred to as the trademark law, promoting commercial morality by harmonizing interest, and prevents competitors from diverting a producer’s customers through unfair means (â€Å"Ethics Economics†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , 3). Family, culture, love, spirituality, the environment or many other things that make life rich and meaning are not addressed in economics. Economists have documented that people often do not incorporate moral constraints into their decision making process. Good economics

The Staff Development Free Essays

This paper will review the characteristics of a teaching program for a critical care department in a local community hospital. This will include a review of teaching strategies that focus on the adult learner based on their development stage. A teaching program for the critical care department would entail small group and student-centered teaching strategies that focus on communication enhancement and core skill competency development among learners. We will write a custom essay sample on The Staff Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now This teaching approach emphasizes more autonomy in the clinical care setting and encourages the teacher to consider learner characteristics among clinical and professional workers. The educational program described will be offered in hospital and other generic health care organizations where proactive team building skills and communication skills development are necessary to ensure a multi-disciplinary approach to learning and care giving. The teaching program provided will include a team approach to healthcare education encouraging participants to learn and adopt strategies for conversing and communicating with diverse populations including other professionals, students, clinical workers, patients, families and community members. Teaching Program for Critical Care Department Foundation Learner characteristics for employees in a critical care work setting are unique. Adult learners generally have specific characteristics that require use of effective strategies for learning and teaching the adult learner (Huttly, Sweet Taylor, 2003). Studies suggest that multiple approaches may be more effective for helping critical care staff develop, including a â€Å"team healthcare approach† which educators can adopt and simulate in an educational setting â€Å"through interprofessional education and vertical integration of student years† (Huttly, Sweet Taylor, p. 5). Teaching strategies must be based on learner characteristics and the place of employment students intend to pursue their career to be successful. Teaching strategies that are varied are most likely to be successful, and may include information technology training in skills development and writing genres and education about working in a multidisciplinary health care setting where a depth and range of activities and problems solving skills are nurtured among future healthcare practitioners (Biggs, 1999; Huttly, Sweet Taylor, 2003). Teaching strategies must incorporate multiple aims including improving adult critical care workers perceptions and experiences of their education and learning environment and supporting learners at varying developmental levels (Curzon, 2000). Among the skills necessary include improving communication skills in a patient centered manner; this may require that educators focus on assessing the student practitioner and providing information based learning in small groups that emphasizes problem based and problem solving learning (Huttly, Sweet Taylor, 2003). Many support teaching strategies that incorporate good communication, skills and core competency training and specialist options that are student based and emphasize group study skills to support ongoing learning at each development stage among adult learners; further research suggest that the ability of adult learners to discover information and understand subject matter in a clinical setting depends in part on their ability to uncover information about subjects important to them and their professional careers (Huttly, et al. 2003; Wilby, 2001). It is important that teachers adopt strategies that allow them to act as â€Å"agents of change† in the classroom, drawing on their own educational experience to provide students with a learning environment that is â€Å"condensed but focused† (Huttly, Sweet Taylor, 150). The clinic provides an adequate learning environment for all medical students, and teaching strategies in this environment should focus on providing students with skills, knowledge, expertise and professional ability to treat patients correctly and efficiently (Huttly, Sweet Taylor, 2003). Teaching strategies that tend to work well in a clinical environment reflect learner characteristics, are generally subject-centered, consider student’s pre-clinical ability and education and enable students to tackle â€Å"problem-oriented, practical experiences† geared toward their developmental level (Townsend, et al. 1997; Huttly et al. 2003). Small group learning is also considered â€Å"the most meaningful learning experienced by adult learners† and useful for all curricula including medical, particularly when characterized by â€Å"active participation of all group members† (Huttly, Sweet Taylor, 101). Further small group experiences can enhance learning by involving them in various processes including â€Å"relating, applying, generating ideas and recognizing and resolving problems† (Huttly, Sweet Taylor, 101). It is a more active than passive form of teaching that provides students with more stimulating methods of interaction and developing, enabling better responsibility for learning among students, helping develop generic clinical skills and promoting all adult learning characteristics and styles (Biggs, 1999; Huttly, Sweet Taylor, 2003). Particularly in clinical education student centered modes of teaching including small group work allow students to adopt more active and autonomous roles better preparing them to function as team members in their medical communities at later dates and times (Huttly, Sweet Taylor, 2003). There is ample evidence supporting the role of active learning in the clinical environment. There is also ample evidence suggesting that student centered approaches to teaching help clinical student learn to communicate better in a team environment and help develop more comprehensive communication and problem solving skills, important attributes within the medical profession (Huttly, Sweet Taylor, 2003). This compared with more teacher centered approaches, strategies that in the past have proven less successful among adult learners with varying learning characteristics, particularly those learning in a clinical environment where it is important that students adopt transferable and generic skills (Huttly, Sweet Taylor, 2003). How to cite The Staff Development, Papers

Social Media Impact on Business Success †My assignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Social Media Impact On Business Success? Answer: The use of social media is growing at a significantly high rate. While naysayers predict this trend will change soon, there is no denying that social media have a substantial impact on the operations of businesses. Social media websites like Facebook, Pinterest, Linkedin, and Twitter present a significant opportunity for business to grow, but businesses must employ a variety of tactics to reap from these sites. This paper demonstrates how social media impact business success by analyzing the opportunities that it offers. Additionally, it provides tools for measuring the impact of social media on business. Social Media Opportunities Drive Website Traffic and Encourage Recommendations Social media offers companies an ideal platform to take full advantage of word of mouth and see the popularity of their brand's increase. In most countries, many people are connected on a global scale and frequently communicate through social media. A simple action like liking a Facebook post can make a word to spread very quickly throughout many other social media platforms, and given that human beings like the opinion of their peers far more than a polished magazine advert, a few likes can help increase the sales of business (Plotting Your Social Media Marketing Strategy 2011; Baker 2017). When their peers endorse a product, they can follow the link to know more about the product and endorse it as well. Additionally, since million of people visit social media sites to find product reviews to be able to make informed buying decisions, small and large business have an opportunity to provide products to popular Facebook and Youtube users to review for their subscribers and win more leads (Venkatesh, R, Jayasingh 2015). Form Closer Relationships with Customers Social media is also a way that businesses use to communicate with their existing customers and create an online family. Through this, the customers can trust them and their products more. When companies notice the spread of negative reviews, they can use this to their advantage and provide the right features of their products to the public. Through this technique, companies can reach out to dissatisfied customers one-on-one and find innovative ways of enhancing the products that they are offering (Making a Business from Social Media 2011). For a business to be successful in the use of social media, they need to be strategic with their posts. They should share their success and failures and avoid being too formal so as to build trust within social media consumers. It is important to respond to as many comments as possible and use hashtags along with geolocators. This way, businesses become more personalized. People look for specific hashtags and allow people to see that the business has a face. People want to see that the business is operating in different places (Evans 2010; (Venkatesh, R, Jayasingh 2015). Increase Influence by Broadcasting Article and Products Social media also enables businesses to broadcast their products, news, and articles and have greater influence in their markets. When they are creating a social media marketing strategy, for that reason, businesses should target the right people and networks. An effective strategy allows people who are not the companys customers to be part of the network but have a massive impact on their marketing efforts. According to digital analyst Augie Ray, there are three critical social media influencers. These influencers are social broadcasters, mass influencers, and potential influencers. According to this expert, more than 80 percent of people on social media are potential influencers. By making to an effort to identify and connect with them, the business can attract shares and likes that in the end play a major role in the spread of the brand name (Li, Stacks 2015). Get Instant Customer Feedback Other than talking to customers, social media enables companies to listen to their customers. When they monitor what people say about their products and services on Twitter and other sites, a business can get real-time feedback on what customers expect from the business. Business use tools such as Google Alerts to monitor and listen on the social web (Venkatesh, R, Jayasingh 2015). Measuring the Impact of Social Media The understanding that social media can help a business to grow rapidly has influenced many companies to increase their investment on it. If businesses to succeed, there should be no disconnection between goals and metrics (Frunk 2012). Use Goal-driven metrics Companies can measure the impact of social media by setting specific goals for all their digital campaign goals. If a company wants to generate brand awareness, the can measure their success through engagement. However, if they envision driving purchase, the conversation rate from visitor to buyer can be an appropriate metric (Li, Stacks 2015). Build Predictive Models Metrics can be used to forecast what might happen depending on the tactics used for example media placement and spending levels. Companies can leverage metrics to build the models and plug in different inputs to prompt outcomes (Li, Stacks 2015). Conduct Experiments A great way to truly understand the impact of social media is conducting scientific experiments. Businesses should conduct small pre- and post-tests to gauge the activity of the customer before and after online campaigns. Another great way is including control groups that matched on observable characteristics for comparison to the treatment of the group (Moorman 2017). Allocate Funds to Metrics A recent CMO Survey revealed that most companies spend only 2.3 percent of their marketing budgets on measuring social media impact. Those that succeed invest more. This particular investment can include advanced technology, customer databases, models, agency partnerships, and dedicated staff (Moorman 2017). Conclusion Social media has continued to have a considerable impact on business success. The use of this communication tool to share and engage with business stakeholders such as customers and potential influencers continue to grow a high rate. Through social media, businesses can drive traffic to their sites, form closer relationship with their customers, increase their influence, and get instant customer Feedback. Businesses are also able to measure the impact of social media on their activities using a variety of methods including using goal-driven metrics, building predictive models, conducting experiments, and allocating sufficient funds to metrics. References Barker, M 2017, Social media marketing: a strategic approach, Cengage Learning, Australia Evaluating Social Media Marketing 2016, Strategic Social Media, 196-209, doi:10.1002/9781119370680.ch12 Evans, L 2010, Social media marketing: strategies for engaging in Facebook, Twitter amp; other social media, Indianapolis, Que Publ., IN. Funk, T 2012, Advanced Social Media Campaigns, Advanced Social Media Marketing, 173-206, doi:10.1007/978-1-4302-4408-0_9 Li, C, Stacks, D 2015, Measuring the Impact of Social Media on Business Profit Success, doi:10.3726/978-1-4539-1590-5 Making a Business from Social Media 2011, Social Media 101, 203-205, doi:10.1002/9781118256138.ch53 Moorman, C 2016, October 17, Measuring The Impact Of Social Media On Your Business. Retrieved May 13, 2017, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/christinemoorman/2015/01/18/measuring-the-impact-of-social-media-on-your-business/#32c9079915e5 Plotting Your Social Media Marketing Strategy 2011, Social Media Marketing All-in-One For Dummies, 33-55, doi:10.1002/9781118257661.ch2 Venkatesh, R, Jayasingh, S 2015, Transformation of Business through Social Media, Social Media Listening and Monitoring for Business Applications, 1-17, doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-0846-5.ch001

Jorge Alfonso Ramos Ortega Essays - Fiction, Culture, Jedi, Jediism

Jorge Alfonso Ramos Ortega Professor Jose Julian Celada Ruiz Upper English 02 November 2016 Jediism as a new religion in our current society Nowadays in our current society there is an assortment of religions that, have been established for years , the religions with more followers are; Christianism with two thousand million follower s , Islam with one thousand three hundred million followers and Hinduism with eight hundred fifty one million. With 19 major religions already established, people think that creating a new religion could be difficult, nevertheless the number of followers of many religions is decreasing, young people are conflicted by too many theories that have been revealed, this group people are favoring party to be atheists, agnostics, freethinkers , as non-religious organizations, it does not mean that religious people does not think freely. H owever there are appearing new religions like scientology, the church of euthanasia and Jediism. Knowing about a new religion which adapt to the mentality and way of life of our current society is usele ss in order to open the panorama of it. Focusing on Jediism as new recognized religion that people could take as a game or without the seriousness that deserves , due to the bases of it; the Star Wars franchise in which the main characters are fictional Jedis who believe in the Force, for that people think Jediism is not a serious religion . For that people who believe in this as a religion and not a game make churches around the world, like in Texas where the Temple Of The Jedi Order was created, as it said Jedis believe in the Force and the Temple Of The Jedi Order define the Force as "a ubiquitous and metaphysical power that aJedi(a follower of Jediism) believes to be the underlying, fundamental nature of the universe.", Temple Of The Jedi Order is the First International Church Of Jediism; it is located in Texas, United States it could be abbreviated as TotJO. The Jedis (follow ers of Jediism) believe that r eligion is more than that; they believe that Jediism is a way of life based on the Jedi Code, The Three Tenets, Sixteen Teachings and Twenty One Maxims. The beliefs will be explained further into the essay . They apply their beliefs in a practical way in their lifes. They do not deny they relationship with the mythical Jedis of the movie Star Wars, nevertheless they do not worship the creator or the movie itself, they "accept myth as a sometimes more practical mean of conveying philosophies applicable to real life." (TotJO 2016), TotJO also has its own emblem. The emblem is conformed by the five star representation of the Jedi Code , the Sixteen Teachings; as a sixteen star and the interdependence of light and dark. Jediism as any other religion has it owns Days of Significance; most of these days match with other special days of other religions like Christianism such as Christmas Day which in Jediism is the Anniversary Day . Jediism also have specific reflections on each month, they believe "The Reflections are dichotomies of, for lack of better terms, v ices and virtues of human nature. One cannot reduce all the variables of the human experience into 12 dichotomies of vice/virtue, nor insist that these are the most important." The Days of Significance such as the Monthly reflections will be exposed further in the essay . Everyone ca n join Jediism, in TotJO website request the guest to register so he can participate in forums or Sermons which members published and give their opinion about it, before you register they ask the guest to read the rules so the relationship between Jedis could be as healthy as possible, taking care of the integrity of each member. TotJO allow people to register even if they do not believe in Jediism as a religion. The Jedi code which is part of their Doctrine, the code is the set of rules that Jedi has to follow . The Jedi code says; "There is no Emotion, there is Peace. There is no Ignorance, there is Knowledge. There is no Passion, there is Serenity. There is no Chaos, There is Harmony. There is no

Feckless

Feckless Feckless Feckless By Maeve Maddox A reader has called my attention to a surge in the use of the word feckless in the American press. A Web search garners 1,550,000 hits. Feckless derives from feck, a dialect word possibly formed by a linguistic process called aphaeresis: â€Å"omission of one or more sounds or letters from the beginning of a word.† Examples of aphaeresis include: squire from esquire and coon from raccoon. Feck, which is documented as early as the 14th century, is probably a shortening of the noun effect. Feck is â€Å"energy and gumption.† A person with feck gets things done. When used to refer to a thing, the adjective feckless means, â€Å"valueless, futile, or feeble.† Used to refer to a person or a person’s actions, feckless means, â€Å"lacking energy; weak, helpless.† In modern usage, feckless is used chiefly as a synonym for irresponsible or shiftless. This latter use of feckless is especially common in the British press in headlines and articles relating to social welfare programs: Britains most feckless father? Unemployed dad of 10 is expecting FOUR more children –The Telegraph. Lets get the feckless to buy food not fags and booze –MailOnline. No one would consider her [a young unmarried mother of four children, by two different men, and expecting her fifth] to be anything other than feckless and irresponsible. –The Independent. The Oxfam report – â€Å"Walking The Breadline,† published in June this year, states that half a million people in the UK rely on food banks. Yet the Government puts their fingers in their ears, blaming feckless parenting and scroungers. –The Guardian. Here are some examples in contexts other than discussions of welfare recipients: Given their feckless track record, would you really trust Apple with (even more of) your digital life? –Source uncertain; the comment appears on numerous sites. One striking feature in all three works is how badly the men do; how feckless they are, how treacherous, weepy, self-obsessed and violent. –Review of a collection of three short stories by Bernhard Schlink. Because the usual use of feckless is to describe people or actions lacking in will or responsible purpose, some of the examples I found left me a bit puzzled: Delete a Feckless Effect from Filler Edgar Steele’s Feckless Racism Here are some sure fire home remedies and tips to get rid of your feckless and lifeless hair. The opposite of feckless–feckful (powerful, effective, efficient, vigorous)–is used seriously in an OED citation dated 1568: I culd nocht cumwithout sum gret and fecfull purpois. [I could not comewithout some great and feckful purpose.] Anyone using the positive adjective feckful nowadays would be aiming for humorous effect, as in this 1990 quotation from The New York Times: The unfailingly feckless Bertie Wooster and his valet, the formidably feckful Jeeves. Sometimes feckless is the perfect choice, but sometimes not. Here is a selection of words that might serve better in some contexts: good-for-nothing idle indolent inept irresponsible lazy ne’er-do-well no-account slothful sorry useless worthless David Auburn, playwright and contributor to the Oxford American Writer’s Thesaurus, says this about feckless: The obscene-sounding first syllable gives punch and an air of harsh condemnation to the synonym for irresponsible, conveying â€Å"not merely irresponsible but also unforgivably blithe, and in one’s blitheness, causing great harm.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Coordinating vs. Subordinating ConjunctionsRules for Capitalization in TitlesParticular vs. Specific

Evaluating antitrust legislation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evaluating antitrust legislation - Essay Example The origin of Anti Trust Law lies in the reaction to public outcry over the corporate monopolies that dominated US manufacturing and mining. The trusts formed by mergers and mutual understandings used to control prices according to their profit needs. This practice has come to an end by the enacting and executing this act. In the 20th century President Theodore Roosevelt and his successor President William Howard Taft, responded to public criticism over the rapid merger of industries by pursuing more vigorous legal action, and steady prosecution. This brought the downfall of monopoly in the manufacturing resulting in price fall. The Clayton law in 1914 declared price discrimination, tying and exclusive-dealing contracts, corporate mergers and interlocking directorates as illegal but not criminal. The Robinson-Patman Act, passed by US congress in 1936 explicitly forbade forms of price discrimination, in order to protect small producers from extinction due to competition. From 1937 to 1940 Roosevelt's effort to cope with economic decline brought federal antitrust enforcement back. After that Congress added its last piece of important legislation in 1950 with the Celler-Kefauver anti merger act. This made the businesses unable to target the assets of the rivals also in addition to previous forbidding of anti competitive stock purchases. A loop hole was plugged.

Making financial decision based on financial decision Essay

Making financial decision based on financial decision - Essay Example Cash budget would allow the owner to analyse how much the company is earning and the investment and cash disbursement for the project. Cash disbursement is the outflows of cash. Cash receipts are the inflows of cash. The first investment opportunity that the company has is Quad Bikes. The ticket price for Quad Bikes has already been estimated by the owners and it is equal to $15. The cash budget for Quad Bikes showing the cash recipients and cash disbursement is as follows: The ticket price for Paint Ball has been estimated by the management of Hall Hill Farm and the price is expected to be $13. Using this price and other costs that have been estimated, the cash budget for the company for Paint Ball would be: The other major project and investment opportunity that the Farm has is to invest in Fish Hatchery which the management has been planning for some time. The price for fish hatchery has not been estimated by the management, however to prepare a cash budget the price is estimated to be $12. Using the price $12 for each of the visitor for fish hatchery, the cash budget would be: At the moment, the cash position of the Hall Hill Farm is unfavourable. Therefore it is important for the farm to analyse the loopholes in the cost structure and come up with strategies that could improve the current position. After analysing the cash budget of the company, it has been analysed that most of the costs of the company is the fixed cost and these costs are to be paid regardless of the earnings of the company. Therefore it is important for firm to expand its services and facilities so that more visitors are attracted and the revenue can be increased. One of the recommendations to improve the current cash position of the farm is to rent retailers outlets and shops at the farm. This would allow the farm to improve its revenues, as the farm has substantial space vacant. Besides allowing

Globalisation and the Concept of Global Citizenship

Globalisation and the Concept of Global Citizenship â€Å"As globalisation promotes a free-flow of people, ideas and products across national boundaries, individuals will be more identified as global citizens and less prone to xenophobic attitudes.† Discuss. While globalisation promotes a free-flow of people, ideas, and products across national boundaries, it provides opportunities to individuals to become global citizens. However, while this essay will argue that this has made them less prone to xenophobic attitudes, globalisation has also had other impacts which may have only provoked xenophobic attitudes. This essay will examine the impact which globalisation has had on individuals in the workplace, focusing on how Multinational Corporations have increased the need for globally mobile employees, therefore increasing their cultural intelligence along the way. The essay will also explore employees working within global organisations who are not globally mobile, and the impact which globalisation has had on them. The importance of cultural intelligence will also be discussed alongside the growing focus of scholars on cosmopolitan or global citizens, and finally, the essay will examine xenophobia and the impact which globalisation has had upon xenophobic views. Globalisation is the introduction and growth of products, people, information, and money across borders and is an important impact on the shape of national identities and relationships (Ariely, 2011).   Arnett (2002) argues that globalisation is not just a historical process but is also a change in mind-set of citizens around the world and has positively and sometimes negatively redefined national identity and culture. In effect, globalisation defines the world in which we live, and has changed the way in which citizens identify themselves (Ariely, 2011 & Arnett, 2002). However, some researchers have argued that in the process globalisation has undermined national cultures and identity – creating what is moving towards a single identity for all global citizens (Smith, 2007 & Held, McGrew & Perraton, 1999). Effectively, globalisation has been guided by â€Å"economic forces† (Sideri, 1997. Pg.38) with the actions and growth of Multinational Corporations (MNC’s) furthering globalisation (Buckley & Ghauri, 2004). With MNC’s comes the need for the retention and transfer of knowledge between operating units and countries (Elenkov & Manev, 2009). Expatriates (Expats) are used by MNC’s for three main reasons; to fill positions where no suitable candidate exists in the host country, as an opportunity to develop the expatriate’s skills, and most importantly; to transfer important knowledge and corporate culture from home to host countries (Collings et al, 2007). Within MNC’s expats will work with people of many different nationalities, and globalisation is only expediting the mobility required of expatriates, therefore, the number of cultures in which expatriates are working in and becoming accustomed to is increasing (Lee, 2014). Lee (2014) argues that this is exposure to new cultures has increased the number of people which identify as learned bi-culturals, and who feel accustomed to 2 or more cultures after experiencing the identity negotiation process. The knowledge and understanding of different cultures that being bi-cultural brings allows these individuals to adapt quickly and become more adept to different situations (Hong et al, 2000 & Lee, 2014). While individuals will generally undergo an identity negotiation process when entering employment with a new organisation, international experience adds to this further (Lee, 2014). Sanchez et al (2000) explain that during the adjustment process to working within a different culture, an individual may become more attached to their home unit, or alternatively, become more attached to their host unit. This acculturation is essentially a process leading to cultural changes within the individual after interacting with members of different cultures (Lee, 2014), and can be portrayed in a number of strategies by the individual when operating in different cultures. This impacts their identification and adaptation with their home and host country and can lead to positive outcomes – however, two of the outcomes of acculturation can be marginalisation or separation, where an individual does not identify with the host country (Lee, 2014 & Berry, 2005). Another theory of culture acquisition is the identity negotiation process, where when individuals encounter a new culture question their values and beliefs leading to a renegotiation of their own identity through experimentation and reflection (Lee, 2014). While expats seem to have the most experience with operating within different cultures, globalisation has meant that even individuals working within their home country can experience different cultures too (Lee, 2014). Lee (2014) argues that individuals working in organisations undergoing international mergers and acquisitions, as well as those with international subsidiaries can develop an understanding of different cultures. Experience of work within different international contexts may lead individuals to develop a greater understanding of their own as well as different ways of undertaking work (Lee, 2014). It is important to note however, that an individual who is globally mobile may not automatically expose themselves to the culture of the country in which they are working. As mentioned previously, outcomes of acculturation such as marginalisation or separation can mean that the expatriate exhibits low attachment to the society in which they are working. It could therefore be argued that both expatriation and working within a culturally diverse and international organisation could develop an individual’s global identity. Gupta and Govindarajan (2002) explain that a global identity is the awareness of different cultures and the openness to the integration of these cultures to create a competitive advantage. Lee (2018) argues that this competence and adaptability is gained through 3 steps; the understanding of the individuals own culture and cultural lens, acquiring knowledge of other cultures, and improving one’s cultural intelligence. The exposure to different cultures through international assignments and working within a global organisation can assist with the gaining of knowledge of different norms and values (Crowne, 2008). This exposure to different cultures needn’t just be through work either, Crowne (2008) argues that globalisation has allowed for exposure to different cultures through travel, study, and media such as television and film. While some of these methods may have a greater impact, they are all important to the development of an understanding of different cultures. Crowne (2008) argues that any exposure to different cultures is directly associated with an individual’s cultural intelligence, yet some methods of exposure such as expatriation, international education and travel have a greater impact. Cultural intelligence is defined as an individual’s ability to effectively adapt to new cultures and has been found to have a positive impact on integration into multicultural teams (Earley, 2002). Furthermore, employees with higher cultural intelligence are able to adjust more easily to new cultures and show greater performance within multicultural teams and tasks (Templer et al, 2006). Cultural intelligence is born through 4 main dimensions; Cognitive – gaining the knowledge of values and norms of different cultures, Motivational – the commitment to acquiring new knowledge and learn, Behavioural – the ability to adapt to new cultural situations, and Metacognitive – the ability to monitor one’s self, and to adjust based on new experiences (Lee, 2018 & Ang et al, 2007). The importance of cultural intelligence cannot be underestimated, as it assists individuals with seeing past the stereotypes and perhaps xenophobic views of other cultures (Lee, 2018). Furthermore, it stops an individual from casting judgement until all of the facts are known and available (Triandis, 2006 & Elenkov & Manev, 2009). Interestingly, cultural intelligence is directly linked to cross-cultural competence, which reduces the pressure that may be associated with handling difficult decisions in culturally different environments and can increases effectiveness (Elenkov & Manev, 2009). Of course, the cultural intelligence of the majority of individuals will increase through international assignments and working within a global organisation. Elenkov & Manev (2009) further this argument and explain that cultural intelligence is vital for managers within organisations. The GLOBE project found that the leadership styles favoured or expected from country to country vary depending on the cultural variables found in that context (Dorfman et al, 2002), and it can be seen that the cultural intelligence and adaptability of managers and individuals is vital to their performance and effectiveness in different cultures (Elenkov & Manev, 2009). It can therefore be argued that the greater the cultural intelligence of an individual, the more understanding, aware and open they should be to different cultures and therefore less prone to xenophobic attitudes (Lee, 2014). The emerging concept of cosmopolitan global citizens is one still in debate. In its early conception, cosmopolitanism was seen to be an outlook which transcended national boundaries and complemented cultural intelligence (Woodward et al, 2008). The concept has now been developed to incorporate institutional, political, and cultural dimensions (Woodward et al, 2008). From a cultural perspective, most researchers have agreed that cosmopolitanism can be seen as an openness to different cultures as well as the values and beliefs that they may hold. Woodward et al (2008) argue that while an individual does not need to be globally mobile to hold cosmopolitan values, the cultural exposure that expatriates experience may assist them with gaining the attitudes and values associated with cosmopolitanism (Lee, 2014). Furthermore, cosmopolitan citizens are seen to be more engaged with others that identify as cosmopolitan citizens and hold similar worldviews (Lee, 2014). The concept therefore of a cosmopolitan is that of an individual who defines themselves less as part of a single national or cultural identity, and more as a global citizen – who should be less prone to xenophobic attitudes (Lee, 2014). This is supported by Ariely (2017) who showed that identifying as a cosmopolitan reduces xenophobic attitudes, a relationship which is moderated by the level of globalisation in the individuals home country, with those exhibiting higher levels of globalisation demonstrating a stronger negative relation between cosmopolitanism and xenophobic attitudes. The dictionary definition of xenophobia is the fear or hatred of strangers or foreigners, it is usually thought that the term overlaps with racism, however, xenophobic behaviour is based on the idea that an individual is different due to being a member of a different nation or social group (UNESCO, 2018). Ariely (2011) argues that the idea of xenophobia can be based on social identity theory which defines social identity as the differences between social groups with members feeling more strongly associated to the group in which they belong. Xenophobic views are therefore the result of social groups – such as nations and culture, being different from one another (Ariely, 2011). Interestingly, the results of globalisation such as the development of cosmopolitan citizens, bi-culturals and individuals showing a strong cultural intelligence seems to show that globalisation is causing to move towards a more homogenous global citizen identity, instead of heterogeneous national identities (Ariely, 2011). Such â€Å"superordinate† identities could reduce or eliminate differences between national identities, and therefore reduce xenophobic views. It is also important to recognise that some research has shown globalisation to have the opposite effect, heightening nationalistic identities and in turn perhaps causing xenophobic views against those seen with a different social or national identity (Ariely, 2011). Interestingly, Ariely (2011) found that in certain countries, while globalisation may decrease xenophobic attitudes in some people, it can increase them in others. While this study was actually based on xenophobic views against immigrants it paints an interesting picture that globalisation can have many different impacts on different people within the same country, and that context is incredibly important (Ariely, 2011). There are also negative aspects to consider such as the accelerated flows of terrorism, which have only promoted xenophobic attitudes due to the placing of blame on the lack of national borders – which globalisation has had a hand in reducing (Heine & Thakur, 2011). This essay explored the impact which globalisation has had upon individuals around the world. Whether a cosmopolitan citizen, learned or born bi-cultural, or an individual that has developed a strong cultural intelligence, the ability to adapt and understand other cultures seems to reduce the ownership of xenophobic attitudes. The essay found that as individuals gain a greater cultural intelligence, or identify as cosmopolitan or global citizens, they tend to identify less with their national culture/identity and identify more with a global identity. Using social identity theory from Ariely (2011), it can therefore be argued that while xenophobia is usually based on the differences between social, cultural, or national groups – the fact that more people are identifying as global citizens is reducing the differences between these groups around the world, and therefore reducing xenophobic attitudes. References Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., Koh, C., Ng, K., Templer, K., Tay, C. and Chandrasekar, N. (2007). Cultural Intelligence: Its Measurement and Effects on Cultural Judgment and Decision Making, Cultural Adaptation and Task Performance. Management and Organization Review, 3(03), pp.335-371. Ariely, G. (2011). Globalization, immigration and national identity: How the level of globalization affects the relations between nationalism, constructive patriotism and attitudes toward immigrants? Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 15(4), pp.539-557. Ariely, G. (2016). Global identification, xenophobia and globalisation: A cross-national exploration. International Journal of Psychology, 52, pp.87-96. Arnett, J. (2002). The psychology of globalization. American Psychologist, 57(10), pp.774-783. Berry, J. (2005). Acculturation: Living successfully in two cultures. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29(6), pp.697-712. Buckley, P. and Ghauri, P. (2004). Globalisation, economic geography and the strategy of multinational enterprises. Journal of International Business Studies, 35(2), pp.81-98. Collings, D., Scullion, H. and Morley, M. (2007). Changing patterns of global staffing in the multinational enterprise: Challenges to the conventional expatriate assignment and emerging alternatives. Journal of World Business, 42(2), pp.198-213. Crowne, K. (2008). What leads to cultural intelligence? Business Horizons, 51(5), pp.391-399. Dorfman, P. House, R., Javidan, M., and Hanges, P. (2002). Understanding cultures and implicit leadership theories across the globe: an introduction to project GLOBE. Journal of World Business, 37(1), pp.3-10. Earley, P. (2002). Redefining interactions across cultures and organizations: Moving forward with cultural intelligence. Research in Organizational Behavior, 24, pp.271-299. Elenkov, D. and Manev, I. (2009). Senior expatriate leaderships effects on innovation and the role of cultural intelligence. Journal of World Business, 44(4), pp.357-369. Gupta, A. and Govindarajan, V. (2002). Cultivating a global mindset. Academy of Management Executive, 16(1), pp.116-126. Heine, J. and Thakur, R. (2018). The dark side of globalisation. [online] Available at: https://www.cigionline.org/articles/dark-side-globalisation. Held, D. and McGrew, A. (1999). Global Transformations. Cambridge: Polity. Hong, Y., Morris, M., Chiu, C. and Benet-Martà ­nez, V. (2000). Multicultural minds: A dynamic constructivist approach to culture and cognition. American Psychologist, 55(7), pp.709-720. Lee, H-J., (2018). Global Leadership and Cultural Intelligence. Lee, H-J., (2014) Global leadership practices: a cross-cultural management perspective, London: Palgrave Macmillan Sanchez, J., Spector, P. and Cooper, C. (2000). Adapting to a boundaryless world: A developmental expatriate model. Academy of Management Perspectives, 14(2), pp.96-106. Sideri, S. (1997). Globalisation and regional integration. The European Journal of Development Research, 9(1), pp.38-82. Smith, A. D. (2007). Nationalism in decline? In M. Young, E. Zuelow & A. Strum (Eds.), Nationalism in a global era (pp. 17–32). New York, NY: Routledge. Templer, K., Tay, C. and Chandrasekar, N. (2006). Motivational Cultural Intelligence, Realistic Job Preview, Realistic Living Conditions Preview, and Cross-Cultural Adjustment. Group & Organization Management, 31(1), pp.154-173. Triandis, H. (2006). Cultural Intelligence in Organizations. Group & Organization Management, 31(1), pp.20-26. UNESCO (2018). Xenophobia | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. [online] Available at: http://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-sciences/themes/international-migration/glossary/xenophobia/. Woodward, I., Skrbis, Z. and Bean, C. (2008). Attitudes towards globalization and cosmopolitanism: cultural diversity, personal consumption and the national economy. The British Journal of Sociology, 59(2), pp.207-226. Globalisation and the Concept of Global Citizenship Globalisation and the Concept of Global Citizenship â€Å"As globalisation promotes a free-flow of people, ideas and products across national boundaries, individuals will be more identified as global citizens and less prone to xenophobic attitudes.† Discuss. While globalisation promotes a free-flow of people, ideas, and products across national boundaries, it provides opportunities to individuals to become global citizens. However, while this essay will argue that this has made them less prone to xenophobic attitudes, globalisation has also had other impacts which may have only provoked xenophobic attitudes. This essay will examine the impact which globalisation has had on individuals in the workplace, focusing on how Multinational Corporations have increased the need for globally mobile employees, therefore increasing their cultural intelligence along the way. The essay will also explore employees working within global organisations who are not globally mobile, and the impact which globalisation has had on them. The importance of cultural intelligence will also be discussed alongside the growing focus of scholars on cosmopolitan or global citizens, and finally, the essay will examine xenophobia and the impact which globalisation has had upon xenophobic views. Globalisation is the introduction and growth of products, people, information, and money across borders and is an important impact on the shape of national identities and relationships (Ariely, 2011).   Arnett (2002) argues that globalisation is not just a historical process but is also a change in mind-set of citizens around the world and has positively and sometimes negatively redefined national identity and culture. In effect, globalisation defines the world in which we live, and has changed the way in which citizens identify themselves (Ariely, 2011 & Arnett, 2002). However, some researchers have argued that in the process globalisation has undermined national cultures and identity – creating what is moving towards a single identity for all global citizens (Smith, 2007 & Held, McGrew & Perraton, 1999). Effectively, globalisation has been guided by â€Å"economic forces† (Sideri, 1997. Pg.38) with the actions and growth of Multinational Corporations (MNC’s) furthering globalisation (Buckley & Ghauri, 2004). With MNC’s comes the need for the retention and transfer of knowledge between operating units and countries (Elenkov & Manev, 2009). Expatriates (Expats) are used by MNC’s for three main reasons; to fill positions where no suitable candidate exists in the host country, as an opportunity to develop the expatriate’s skills, and most importantly; to transfer important knowledge and corporate culture from home to host countries (Collings et al, 2007). Within MNC’s expats will work with people of many different nationalities, and globalisation is only expediting the mobility required of expatriates, therefore, the number of cultures in which expatriates are working in and becoming accustomed to is increasing (Lee, 2014). Lee (2014) argues that this is exposure to new cultures has increased the number of people which identify as learned bi-culturals, and who feel accustomed to 2 or more cultures after experiencing the identity negotiation process. The knowledge and understanding of different cultures that being bi-cultural brings allows these individuals to adapt quickly and become more adept to different situations (Hong et al, 2000 & Lee, 2014). While individuals will generally undergo an identity negotiation process when entering employment with a new organisation, international experience adds to this further (Lee, 2014). Sanchez et al (2000) explain that during the adjustment process to working within a different culture, an individual may become more attached to their home unit, or alternatively, become more attached to their host unit. This acculturation is essentially a process leading to cultural changes within the individual after interacting with members of different cultures (Lee, 2014), and can be portrayed in a number of strategies by the individual when operating in different cultures. This impacts their identification and adaptation with their home and host country and can lead to positive outcomes – however, two of the outcomes of acculturation can be marginalisation or separation, where an individual does not identify with the host country (Lee, 2014 & Berry, 2005). Another theory of culture acquisition is the identity negotiation process, where when individuals encounter a new culture question their values and beliefs leading to a renegotiation of their own identity through experimentation and reflection (Lee, 2014). While expats seem to have the most experience with operating within different cultures, globalisation has meant that even individuals working within their home country can experience different cultures too (Lee, 2014). Lee (2014) argues that individuals working in organisations undergoing international mergers and acquisitions, as well as those with international subsidiaries can develop an understanding of different cultures. Experience of work within different international contexts may lead individuals to develop a greater understanding of their own as well as different ways of undertaking work (Lee, 2014). It is important to note however, that an individual who is globally mobile may not automatically expose themselves to the culture of the country in which they are working. As mentioned previously, outcomes of acculturation such as marginalisation or separation can mean that the expatriate exhibits low attachment to the society in which they are working. It could therefore be argued that both expatriation and working within a culturally diverse and international organisation could develop an individual’s global identity. Gupta and Govindarajan (2002) explain that a global identity is the awareness of different cultures and the openness to the integration of these cultures to create a competitive advantage. Lee (2018) argues that this competence and adaptability is gained through 3 steps; the understanding of the individuals own culture and cultural lens, acquiring knowledge of other cultures, and improving one’s cultural intelligence. The exposure to different cultures through international assignments and working within a global organisation can assist with the gaining of knowledge of different norms and values (Crowne, 2008). This exposure to different cultures needn’t just be through work either, Crowne (2008) argues that globalisation has allowed for exposure to different cultures through travel, study, and media such as television and film. While some of these methods may have a greater impact, they are all important to the development of an understanding of different cultures. Crowne (2008) argues that any exposure to different cultures is directly associated with an individual’s cultural intelligence, yet some methods of exposure such as expatriation, international education and travel have a greater impact. Cultural intelligence is defined as an individual’s ability to effectively adapt to new cultures and has been found to have a positive impact on integration into multicultural teams (Earley, 2002). Furthermore, employees with higher cultural intelligence are able to adjust more easily to new cultures and show greater performance within multicultural teams and tasks (Templer et al, 2006). Cultural intelligence is born through 4 main dimensions; Cognitive – gaining the knowledge of values and norms of different cultures, Motivational – the commitment to acquiring new knowledge and learn, Behavioural – the ability to adapt to new cultural situations, and Metacognitive – the ability to monitor one’s self, and to adjust based on new experiences (Lee, 2018 & Ang et al, 2007). The importance of cultural intelligence cannot be underestimated, as it assists individuals with seeing past the stereotypes and perhaps xenophobic views of other cultures (Lee, 2018). Furthermore, it stops an individual from casting judgement until all of the facts are known and available (Triandis, 2006 & Elenkov & Manev, 2009). Interestingly, cultural intelligence is directly linked to cross-cultural competence, which reduces the pressure that may be associated with handling difficult decisions in culturally different environments and can increases effectiveness (Elenkov & Manev, 2009). Of course, the cultural intelligence of the majority of individuals will increase through international assignments and working within a global organisation. Elenkov & Manev (2009) further this argument and explain that cultural intelligence is vital for managers within organisations. The GLOBE project found that the leadership styles favoured or expected from country to country vary depending on the cultural variables found in that context (Dorfman et al, 2002), and it can be seen that the cultural intelligence and adaptability of managers and individuals is vital to their performance and effectiveness in different cultures (Elenkov & Manev, 2009). It can therefore be argued that the greater the cultural intelligence of an individual, the more understanding, aware and open they should be to different cultures and therefore less prone to xenophobic attitudes (Lee, 2014). The emerging concept of cosmopolitan global citizens is one still in debate. In its early conception, cosmopolitanism was seen to be an outlook which transcended national boundaries and complemented cultural intelligence (Woodward et al, 2008). The concept has now been developed to incorporate institutional, political, and cultural dimensions (Woodward et al, 2008). From a cultural perspective, most researchers have agreed that cosmopolitanism can be seen as an openness to different cultures as well as the values and beliefs that they may hold. Woodward et al (2008) argue that while an individual does not need to be globally mobile to hold cosmopolitan values, the cultural exposure that expatriates experience may assist them with gaining the attitudes and values associated with cosmopolitanism (Lee, 2014). Furthermore, cosmopolitan citizens are seen to be more engaged with others that identify as cosmopolitan citizens and hold similar worldviews (Lee, 2014). The concept therefore of a cosmopolitan is that of an individual who defines themselves less as part of a single national or cultural identity, and more as a global citizen – who should be less prone to xenophobic attitudes (Lee, 2014). This is supported by Ariely (2017) who showed that identifying as a cosmopolitan reduces xenophobic attitudes, a relationship which is moderated by the level of globalisation in the individuals home country, with those exhibiting higher levels of globalisation demonstrating a stronger negative relation between cosmopolitanism and xenophobic attitudes. The dictionary definition of xenophobia is the fear or hatred of strangers or foreigners, it is usually thought that the term overlaps with racism, however, xenophobic behaviour is based on the idea that an individual is different due to being a member of a different nation or social group (UNESCO, 2018). Ariely (2011) argues that the idea of xenophobia can be based on social identity theory which defines social identity as the differences between social groups with members feeling more strongly associated to the group in which they belong. Xenophobic views are therefore the result of social groups – such as nations and culture, being different from one another (Ariely, 2011). Interestingly, the results of globalisation such as the development of cosmopolitan citizens, bi-culturals and individuals showing a strong cultural intelligence seems to show that globalisation is causing to move towards a more homogenous global citizen identity, instead of heterogeneous national identities (Ariely, 2011). Such â€Å"superordinate† identities could reduce or eliminate differences between national identities, and therefore reduce xenophobic views. It is also important to recognise that some research has shown globalisation to have the opposite effect, heightening nationalistic identities and in turn perhaps causing xenophobic views against those seen with a different social or national identity (Ariely, 2011). Interestingly, Ariely (2011) found that in certain countries, while globalisation may decrease xenophobic attitudes in some people, it can increase them in others. While this study was actually based on xenophobic views against immigrants it paints an interesting picture that globalisation can have many different impacts on different people within the same country, and that context is incredibly important (Ariely, 2011). There are also negative aspects to consider such as the accelerated flows of terrorism, which have only promoted xenophobic attitudes due to the placing of blame on the lack of national borders – which globalisation has had a hand in reducing (Heine & Thakur, 2011). This essay explored the impact which globalisation has had upon individuals around the world. Whether a cosmopolitan citizen, learned or born bi-cultural, or an individual that has developed a strong cultural intelligence, the ability to adapt and understand other cultures seems to reduce the ownership of xenophobic attitudes. The essay found that as individuals gain a greater cultural intelligence, or identify as cosmopolitan or global citizens, they tend to identify less with their national culture/identity and identify more with a global identity. Using social identity theory from Ariely (2011), it can therefore be argued that while xenophobia is usually based on the differences between social, cultural, or national groups – the fact that more people are identifying as global citizens is reducing the differences between these groups around the world, and therefore reducing xenophobic attitudes. References Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., Koh, C., Ng, K., Templer, K., Tay, C. and Chandrasekar, N. (2007). Cultural Intelligence: Its Measurement and Effects on Cultural Judgment and Decision Making, Cultural Adaptation and Task Performance. Management and Organization Review, 3(03), pp.335-371. Ariely, G. (2011). Globalization, immigration and national identity: How the level of globalization affects the relations between nationalism, constructive patriotism and attitudes toward immigrants? Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 15(4), pp.539-557. Ariely, G. (2016). Global identification, xenophobia and globalisation: A cross-national exploration. International Journal of Psychology, 52, pp.87-96. Arnett, J. (2002). The psychology of globalization. American Psychologist, 57(10), pp.774-783. Berry, J. (2005). Acculturation: Living successfully in two cultures. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29(6), pp.697-712. Buckley, P. and Ghauri, P. (2004). Globalisation, economic geography and the strategy of multinational enterprises. Journal of International Business Studies, 35(2), pp.81-98. Collings, D., Scullion, H. and Morley, M. (2007). Changing patterns of global staffing in the multinational enterprise: Challenges to the conventional expatriate assignment and emerging alternatives. Journal of World Business, 42(2), pp.198-213. Crowne, K. (2008). What leads to cultural intelligence? Business Horizons, 51(5), pp.391-399. Dorfman, P. House, R., Javidan, M., and Hanges, P. (2002). Understanding cultures and implicit leadership theories across the globe: an introduction to project GLOBE. Journal of World Business, 37(1), pp.3-10. Earley, P. (2002). Redefining interactions across cultures and organizations: Moving forward with cultural intelligence. Research in Organizational Behavior, 24, pp.271-299. Elenkov, D. and Manev, I. (2009). Senior expatriate leaderships effects on innovation and the role of cultural intelligence. Journal of World Business, 44(4), pp.357-369. Gupta, A. and Govindarajan, V. (2002). Cultivating a global mindset. Academy of Management Executive, 16(1), pp.116-126. Heine, J. and Thakur, R. (2018). The dark side of globalisation. [online] Available at: https://www.cigionline.org/articles/dark-side-globalisation. Held, D. and McGrew, A. (1999). Global Transformations. Cambridge: Polity. Hong, Y., Morris, M., Chiu, C. and Benet-Martà ­nez, V. (2000). Multicultural minds: A dynamic constructivist approach to culture and cognition. American Psychologist, 55(7), pp.709-720. Lee, H-J., (2018). Global Leadership and Cultural Intelligence. Lee, H-J., (2014) Global leadership practices: a cross-cultural management perspective, London: Palgrave Macmillan Sanchez, J., Spector, P. and Cooper, C. (2000). Adapting to a boundaryless world: A developmental expatriate model. Academy of Management Perspectives, 14(2), pp.96-106. Sideri, S. (1997). Globalisation and regional integration. The European Journal of Development Research, 9(1), pp.38-82. Smith, A. D. (2007). Nationalism in decline? In M. Young, E. Zuelow & A. Strum (Eds.), Nationalism in a global era (pp. 17–32). New York, NY: Routledge. Templer, K., Tay, C. and Chandrasekar, N. (2006). Motivational Cultural Intelligence, Realistic Job Preview, Realistic Living Conditions Preview, and Cross-Cultural Adjustment. Group & Organization Management, 31(1), pp.154-173. Triandis, H. (2006). Cultural Intelligence in Organizations. Group & Organization Management, 31(1), pp.20-26. UNESCO (2018). Xenophobia | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. [online] Available at: http://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-sciences/themes/international-migration/glossary/xenophobia/. Woodward, I., Skrbis, Z. and Bean, C. (2008). Attitudes towards globalization and cosmopolitanism: cultural diversity, personal consumption and the national economy. The British Journal of Sociology, 59(2), pp.207-226.